From rwhit@cs.umu.se  Ukn Mar 25 13:05:10 1993
Received: from jupiter.cs.umu.se by world.std.com (5.65c/Spike-2.0)
	id AA04630; Thu, 25 Mar 1993 13:04:45 -0500
Received: by jupiter.cs.umu.se (5.61-bind 1.5+ida/91-02-01) id AA13275; Thu, 25 Mar 93 19:04:43 +0100
Return-Path: <rwhit@cs.umu.se>
Date:  Thu, 25 Mar 93 19:04:43 +0100
From: rwhit@cs.umu.se (Randall Whitaker)
Message-Id: <9303251804.AA13275@jupiter.cs.umu.se>
To: palmer@world.std.com
Status: RO
X-Status: 

==========================--------------------============================
[{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{(  T H E   O B S E R V E R  )}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}]
==========================================================================
|   --------<< An Electronic Forum for Those Interested in: >>-------     |
|   <<AUTOPOIESIS, ENACTIVE COGNITIVE SCIENCE, and related matters.>>     |
__________________________________________________________________________
[ _______________ Number 4:  Issue date = 18 March, 1993 _______________ ]
[         CONTACT ADDRESS for subscriptions, submissions,etc.:           ]
[                           RANDY WHITAKER                               ]
[  Informationsbehandling / ADB, Umea University, 901 87 Umea, Sweden.   ]
[      Telephone:  (+46) 90 16 61 77 / Fax:  (+46) 90 16 61 26           ]
[                      Email:  rwhit@cs.umu.se                           ]
==========================================================================


===========================  SPECIAL ISSUE:  =============================

Hej from the Editor:

As mentioned in the last issue (no. 3, 10 March), I have compiled a topical
index for _Autopoiesis and Cognition_ (Maturana & Varela, 1980), one of the 
key references in this area.  It's B I G.  No doubt I have over- or under-
represented some things based on my own interests and inclinations.  For 
example, I didn't do much toward indexing the detailed biological / 
biochemical material used to illustrate the cell (and the nervous system) 
as realizing autopoiesis.

I hope this proves to be of use to the rest of you.  It may seem like an 
odd thing to do, but I believe that developing and distributing helpful 
"tools" such as this is a constructive way to build cohesion among those 
interested in these theories (as well as making them more widely known). 

If you have any comments, etc., on the index, please let me know.  I am, 
after all, to blame.  More importantly, if you have any good suggestions 
for other "tool building" or similar efforts, please share them.

You know, I've often griped (to myself) about the index in _Principles of
Biological Autonomy_, too.  Before this is over, I may have to take a crack
at that one as well.  ;-)

A REMINDER:  In the next issue (no. 5), I will start presenting some of the 
comments received on Barry McMullin's questions (in issue no. 3).  Barry 
used the example of Conway's Game of Life to frame some queries about 
the application of autopoietic principles to that (and, by implication, 
other) software.  Don't forget to get your comments on their way to me.

Happy Spring Equinox!          -- Randy


===============================   CUT HERE   ========================

TOPICAL INDEX:

__AUTOPOIESIS & COGNITION__

Humberto R. Maturana & Francisco J. Varela
Dordrecht:  D. Reidel, 1980.
Vol. 42:  Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science
ISBN: 90-277-1015-5
ISBN: 90 277-1016-3

Index compiled by Randall Whitaker, Umea University, Sweden, March 
1993. 
Copyright 1993 Randall Whitaker.

The following topical index was compiled because the book has none.
Names of persons are not included herein, because the book contains 
an Index of Names (p. 141).  

Comments in parentheses are recommendations for the reader.  An 
asterisk (*) indicates a "wild card" entry which can be matched to 
anything:  e.g., linguistic * = linguistic domain / interactions, 
etc.

Additions, corrections, comments, etc. are welcome.  Please send any 
correspondence to:  rwhit@cs.umu.se (Internet) or:  Randall Whitaker, 
Informationsbehandling / ADB, Umea University, 901  87  Umea  Sweden.

absolute reality:  121
abstract thinking:  13, 25, 29 ff.
     and language:  30
adaptation:
     and evolution:  105
     conservation of:  xxi, 105
aesthetic seduction:  58
aim:  (see purpose)
allopoiesis:  80
     and biological explanation:  113-114
allopoietic machines:
     as parts of autopoietic machine:  82
     autopoietic machine seen as:  81 ff., 110
     boundaries observer-dependent:  81
     defined:  80, 135
     identity is observer-dependent:  80-81
     input-output ascription:  51, 72, 81
     non-autonomy of -:  80
allopoietic system(s):  68
     and input / output ascriptions:  51, 72, 81
allo-referring/-ed system (cf. allopoietic -)  xiii, 51
ambience (cf. environment):  9, 99, 127, 130
     connoted by ontogeny:  99, 130
     descriptions as part of -:  134
     niche as part of --:  9
     of composite (coupled) unity:  108, 110
     phenomenology of -:  131
     recurrent configurations of:  130
     reciprocal specification of (in coupling):  108, 110, 130
ambiguity (of observer of linguistic interaction):  33
analysis:  63
anxiety (cf. uncertainty):  24
"Anything said is said by an observer":  8
artificial systems:  47, 114
     as living systems:  83
     distinct from autopoietic machines:  79
     projected onto living systems:  51
     purposeful design of:  51, 114
association:
     and neurophysiology:  43
     and 'meaning':  43
autocatalytic processes:  94
autonomy:  xiii, 73 ff., 80
     defined:  135
autopoiesis:
     and phenomenology:  113 ff., 118 ff.
     and self-reproduction:  101 ff., 105 ff., 110 .
     change in (way of realizing / mode of):  99, 103, 105, 119
     the word:  xvii
     necessary & sufficient definition for living:
        82 ff., 88 ff., 112
autopoietic machines / systems:
     as homeostats:  78 ff., 92
     autonomy of -:  80
     boundaries self-determined:  81, 88 ff., 90-91, 109
     coupling to constitute new unity:  108 ff.
     coupling with internal states:  120 ff.
     defined:  78 ff., 135
     evolution of:  102 ff., 110 ff.
     higher-order:  110 ff.
     identity / individuality:  80-81, 90-92, 97, 107, 115 ff.
     input / output don't exist:  81, 98, 110
     integration into larger systems:  82, 108 ff., 110
     irreducibility to parts:  82
     limit to higher-order:  111
     no 'intermediate' -: 94
     not defined by spatial relations:  80
     origin of -:  93 ff., 105 ff.
     recognition of -:  109
     second-order -:  107 ff., 110
     seen as allopoietic machines:  81 ff., 110
     self-reproduction in:  101 ff., 105 ff., 110 ff.
     third-order -:  107 ff., 110
     unity in:  109, 111
autopoietic organization (see also organization):  80 ff., 88, ff.  
autopoietic space:  91-93, 97, 110
     and compensatory change:  99
     defined:  135

behavior (cf. conduct):
     a posteriori evaluation:  36
     and nervous system:  18, 20 ff., 22, 25 ff., 38, 43, 124 ff.
     as receptor / effector correlation:  26, 38, 45
     constancy over time:  37, 43, 45, 124
     contradictions in -:  52
     dependence on structure:  31, 38, 119
     determinism in:  27, 31, 45, 124
     diversity of -:  119
     evolution of -:  102 ff.
     historicality in:  43, 45, 102 ff., 119, 124, 133 ff.
     instinctive:  24
     learned:  24, 43 ff., 124, 132-133
     'logic of':  52
     mode / tone of -:  46, 52
     recursivity of:  25
     self-conscious -:  121
     validity of- :  57
     vis a vis observer:  18, 36 ff., 99, 119, 124 ff.
behavioral coupling:  120
biological explanation:  135
biological phenomena / -ology:  112 ff.
     and individual organization:  115 ff., 117-118
     and species / societal perspectives:  117-118
     as autopoietic phenomenology in physical space:  114, 115 ff.
     as subclass of mechanical phenomena:  113, 116
     defined:  135
     vs. statical / allopoietic -:  113 ff.
boundary (cf. topology):
     and constitutive relations:  90-91, 109
     and recognition of autopoietic system:  109
     of autopoietic machine:  81, 88, 90-91
     of nervous system:  22
     of organism:  20

categorization:  63
causality:
     causal relations:  xviii, 66
     and historicality:  102, 124, 128
     in-/external agencies in:  128
cell:
     as autopoietic system:  x, 90, 109
     in visual apparatus:  xiv ff.
     molecular embodiment of-:  90 ff., 109
cellular autopoietic network:  x
change:
     and nervous system:  128
     conservative:  99 ff.
     evolutionary:  11, 102 ff.
     historical:  102, 115, 128
     innovative:  99 ff.
     internal:  11
     social:  70-71 ff.
choice (of frame of reference for values):  57 ff.
circular organization (cf. organization):  xvii, xviii, 9 ff., 48
     and higher-order systems:  11, 12
circularity:
     and nervous system:  18, 125 ff.
     basic -:  9, 11, 18
     of component production:  xiv, 48, 89 ff.
     in living systems: 9 ff., 48
class:
     of interactions:  10
     of unities:  xx
code / decode (cf. information):  53 ff., 68 ff., 90, 102
     defined:  135
cognition:  xiv ff., 6
     as biological phenomenon:  7, 13, 49
     defined:  49
     observer's vs. animals':  49
cognitive domain:
     as domain of descriptions:  119, 121
     as interactions:  10, 13, 38, 49, 119
     'bounded but unlimited':  51, 121
     change in during ontogeny:  119
     defined:  136
     determined by mode of autopoiesis:  119
     expansion via interactions / instruments:  38
     in communication:  28, 30 ff., 32
     observer limited within -:  121
     'within a cog. domain':  13
cognitive system:
     defined:  13
color  xiv ff.
communication (cf. language; linguistic *):
     as coupling:  120
     cognitive domain as basis:  14, 27, 32
     vs. interaction:  28
communicative domain (cf. consensual domain; coupling):  136
communicative interaction:  120
compensable deformations (cf. disturbances / perturbations):
        108, 120
compensation:
     and coupling:  108, 120
     conservative (change):  99
     for deformation:  92-93, 98 ff., 108, 119, 120
     for perturbation:  79, 81, 99, 108, 119, 127
     from observer's viewpoint:  119, 127
     innovative (change):  99
compensatory behavior:  120
compensatory changes:  99, 108, 120
complementarity:
     ascribed by observer:  xxiii
components:
     change in (for compensation):  99
     distinct from educed parts:  48-49
     factibility of -:  89, 91, 94-95
     physical:  81, 88 ff., 92 ff., 112 ff.
     production of:  48, 79, 88, 91 ff.
composite unity:  (see 'unity)
concepts:  30
conduct:
     and anatomy:  31, 124
     and learning:  37, 43 ff., 124, 132-133
     cooperative:  32
     defined:  124
     determined by nervous system's architecture:
        20 ff., 24 ff., 43 ff., 124 ff.
     determined by domain:  97
     elementary unit of nervous system:  19
     in orientation / language:  30, 32, 120
     mode / tone of- :  46
     recursivity in:  25
     temporality in:  124 ff.
connotation:  28, 30, 32
     emotional - (in learning):  37 ff.
consensual domain (cf. coupling; linguistic *):
        xxix, 32, 34, 55, 107 ff., 120
     and coupling:  107 ff., 120
     and explanations:  55
     and orientation / language:  32 ff., 34, 50, 120
consensual distinction:  121
consensus:  32
conservative (compensatory) change:  99
consistency (of the theory as guarantor of its value):  6, 88 ff.
constancy of organization:  81, 88 ff.
constitutive relations:  (cf. relations of constitution):  90 ff.
context:
     and cognition:  xxiii, 10
     and communicative interactions:  120
     and environment:  99
     and rationality:  52
     and relations of constitution / order:  89
     and teleology (-nomy):  85 ff., 87
     defined by observer's domain of interactions:
        10, 32, 33, 52, 109, 120
     definitive of systems:  xiii, 68, 85 ff., 87, 109
     '- of observation':  87
contradictions (in behavior):  52
control: (see also regulation)
     appearance of:  xxii, 90
     ascribed by observer:  xxii, 90
cooperative conduct / interactions:  32, 50, 57
cooperative domain:  50, 57
copy (form of reproduction):  100 ff.
     and culture / social learning:  106
     and evolution / history:  103 ff., 106
     and heteropoiesis:  102
     external to autopoiesis:  101
     in domain of interactions:  106
cosmology (essay as-)  xviii
coupling:  107, 120
     and communication / language:  120
     and evolution / selection:  108, 110 ff.
     behavioral -:  120
     between autopoietic and allopoietic systems:  108
     between nervous system & organism:  127 ff., 130 ff.
     defined:  136
     recurrent:  130
     with system itself (internally):  120 ff.
creativity:
     and cognitive domain:  51
     and language:  xxix
     in social system:  xxvii ff.
     necessarily "antisocial":  xxviii
     restriction of:  xxviii
cultural evolution:  106
cultural learning:  106
cybernetics:  65, 74

deja vu:  38
deformation (cf. disturbance; perturbation): 92-93, 98, 119
     and definition for domain of interactions / ambience:
        118 ff., 130
     and ontogeny:  98
     compensation for:  92-93, 98, 108, 119
     from observer's viewpoint:  119
     indistinguishability of source:  98 ff., 128 ff.
     reciprocal -:  108
     sequence of:  98 ff., 108
     sources of:  98 ff., 108, 128 ff.
denotation:  28, 30 ff.
     and observer:  32
     symbolic:  30
description:  xviii, 8, 26 ff.
     and Berkeley:  53
     and thinking:  30, 39
     as component of ambience:  133 ff.
     as source of perturbation:  133 ff.
     constrained by organization:  39
     first-order (= Description):  27 ff., 32, 40
     in communication:  14, 27, 31 ff., 33, 35, 120 ff.
     'logic of':  39, 52
     of living systems:  48 ff., 112
     recursivity of:  39 ff., 121
     relating behavior & niche:  27
     second-order (= description):  28 ff., 32, 52, 55
descriptive conduct (knowledge as -)  119
descriptive domain:  see domain of descriptions
determinism:
     limited to description / describer isomorphism:  53
     in behavior:  27, 43 ff., 52, 120, 124 ff.
     in development:  27
     in learning:  43 ff., 124
     in orientation:  33, 120
     in neuron function: 15-19, 25, 125 ff.
     state- / structural -:  25, 52, 120, 124 ff.
development:  87
dimension (see referential dimension):  133
discourse:  39, 52
     as mode of behavior:  52
     rational -:  52
disintegration:  xxi, 10, 81, 87, 98, 112, 131
distinction:
     as fundamental cognitive operation:  xix, xxii, 73
     as eduction of unity:  xix, xxii, 73, 94, 96, 109
     as operative (vs. conceptual) notion:  96
     autopoiesis as -:  94
     definitive of domain:  96
     definitive of unity:  96, 109
diversity:
     defined:  136
     in behavior:  119, 124
     in biology:  73-74
domain:
     ambience as -:  99, 127, 130
     biological:  116
     cognitive -:  see cognitive domain
     consensual -:  see consensual domain
     cultural -:  42, 57
     defined by distinction:  96
     defined by unity:  116
     descriptive -:  xxii, 52, 55, 89 ff., 121
     historical -:  107
     irreducibility one-to-another:  55, 89 ff., 116
     linguistic -:  see linguistic domain
     of changes:  80
     of compensations:  81
     of descriptions -:  see domain of descriptions
     of discourse:  39, 96
     of existence:  96
     of homeostatic trajectories:  97
     of interactions -:  see domain of interactions
     of ontogenic transformations:  97
     of recursive interactions (cf. observer):  121
     of relations:  8
     of self-observation:  121
     perceptive:  109
     phenomenal -:  see phenomenal domain
     phenomenological -:  see phenomenological domain
     topological -:  79, 89
domain of descriptions:  xviii, 52, 55, 75, 89 ff., 96, 119, 121
     and autopoietic systems:  89 ff., 119
     and cognitive domain:  119, 121
     and explanations:  75, 121, 133 ff.
     and history:  133 ff.
     and teleology (-nomy):  85 ff.
     meta-* (and emergence of observer):  121
     recursivity in:  39 ff., 121
domain of interactions:  xxi, 8, 10ff., 21, 30, 55, 81, 117, 118 ff.
     and cognitive domain:  119
     and language:  30, 34, 41
     and linguistic domains:  41, 120
     and phenomenology:  117, 118 ff.
     and physical laws:  89 ff., 92 ff., 117
     and structure:  21, 39, 81, 89 ff., 97, 119
     and time / sequence:  133
     apparent (in emergence of observer):  121
     as cognitive domain:  10, 21, 38, 49, 55, 118 ff.
     bounded nature of -:  119
     cooperative:  57
     defined:  118 ff.
     defined by organization:  9 ff., 21, 39, 49, 81, 97
     determinant of in-/external ascription:  128
     determined by structure:  119
     expanded by language:  35
     expanded by nervous system:  13
     expanded by 'time':  24
     not revealed by decomposition of autopoietic machine:  82
     predictive nature of:  10

effector surfaces:  20 ff., 25 ff., 51
     role in maintaining constancy for receptor surfaces:  51
emotion:
     in learning:  37 ff.
emotional tone:  46
empiricism:  63, 66 ff., 83
energy:  89
entity (cf. unity):
     defined by interactions:  40, 52
     'external' ascribed by observer:  119
     'independent':  52
environment (cf. ambience):
     and adaptation:  6, 98 ff.
     as source of deformation:  98, 119, 130
     defined by observer:  10, 98 ff., 119
     information from:  6
epistemology (cf. knowledge):  xxi, 5, 39, 52, 65, 115 ff., 119, 121
     and analysis of unities:  49, 89 ff., 96 ff., 115 ff.
     and 'scientific' observation:  115 ff.
     knowledge as descriptive conduct:  119
     observer-dependency of theory:  47
     observer-relativity of 'knowledge':  119 ff., 121
     substratum for:  39, 52
ethics:  xxiv ff., xxviii, 57 ff., 69 ff., 117 ff.
     and love:  xxvi
     and self-observation:  57
     and social stability / change:  xxvii ff., 117-118
     implications of theory:  57 ff., 69 ff., 117 ff.
     significance of action:  xxvi
"Everything said is said by an observer":  xix, xxii
evolution: 11 ff., 24, 74, 96 ff., 102 ff., 105 ff., 117 ff.
     and adaptation:  105
     and autopoiesis:  103 ff., 110 ff.
     and circular organization: 11
     and conduct:  31
     and 'copy' (reproduction):  103 ff.
     and coupling:  108, 110 ff.
     and higher-order systems:  110 ff.
     and history:  102 ff., 105
     and identity(-ies):  104
     and languages:  30 ff.
     and 'replication':  103 ff.
     and 'self-reproduction':  104 ff., 106, 111
     and (sequential) reproduction:  103 ff., 105 ff.
     and species:  106 ff., 115 ff., 117
     and structure:  103 ff., 105
     and variation:  105
     as consequence of self-reproduction:  104 ff.
     as determinant of 'life':  83, 96
     as biological explanation:  115, 117
     consensual (cultural):  41
     determinism in:  31
     defined:  103, 136
     inessential for living organization:  11, 83, 96
     origin of-:  105 ff.
     secondary nature of-:  96, 112
     selection in-:  104 ff., 111, 117
     social:  70-71, 106, 117
     sociological ramifications:  117 ff.
     vs. ontogeny:  104
existence (of unity):  96 ff.
experimentation as theory-dependent:  83
explanation:
     and temporality:  102 ff., 124
     as reformulation:  75, 102, 121
     defined:  136
     forms of:  75, 115, 121
     of behavior / conduct:  124 ff.
     of biological phenomena:  115 ff.
     spoken:  39
     through synthesis:  47, 55
external entities:  119
external interactions:  23 ff., 98 ff.
external states:  23
     as deformation sources:  98, 127-128
     vs. internal -:  41, 98, 127-128

factibility:  89, 91, 94-95
fantasies:  122
feedback:  78
frame of reference:
     choice of (for ethics):  57-58
     common (cf. language):  57
     in interpreting behavior:  52
     and (ir-)rationality:  52
function:
     defined:  136
     ascribed by observer:  86
     explanatory value of-:  86

general cases & experience:  49
glossary:  135
goals:  xiii, 50, 66, 77, 85 ff., 87
     in learning:  36, 44
     explanatory value of-:  86
grammar:  34

hallucination:  xiv-xv
heteropoiesis:  85, 90, 110
     defined:  136
     and 'copy' reproduction:  102
higher-order systems:  11, 109 ff.
historical network:  102 ff., 106 ff.
historicality:  24, 27
     and behavior:  43, 124 ff., 133 ff.
     and evolution:  102 ff., 115, 117
     and explanation:  102 ff., 115
     and language:  34
     and nervous system:  131 ff., 133 ff.
     and learning:  35, 43, 99, 124, 133 ff.
history:
     and conduct / behavior:  124, 133 ff.
     and explanation:  102 ff., 115, 124
     as causal agent:  124, 133 ff.
     defined:  102, 136
     evolution and-:  102 ff., 115, 117
     in domain of descriptions:  133 ff.
     of biology:  74 ff.
     ontogeny as-:  98 ff., 103, 130 ff.
homeostat / homeostatic machine / system: xxvii, 48, 66
     autopoietic systems as -:  66, 78 ff., 92, 98
     defined:  136
     feedback loops internal in-:  78
     nervous system as -:  131
     social system as --:  xxvii
homeostatic trajectories:  97
'house-building' analogy:  53 ff.
hypocrisy:  xxvii

idealism:
     metaphysical:  53
     subjective:  66
ideas:  30
identity (cf. individuality):
     and evolution:  104, 111, 117
     and ontogeny:  104
     and relations of order:  92
     and relations of specification:  91
     autopoiesis vs. earlier philosophical positions:  66 ff.
     'despite appearances':  66
     maintained through interactions:  9 ff., 66, 73, 97, 112
     maintained under deformations:  80, 92-93, 98, 108, 112
     of social systems:  70-71, 118
     with respect to observer: 10, 80-81, 92
individual:
     living system as-:  87, 115 ff.
     vs. social system:  117 ff.
individuality:  80-81, 87, 92
     and biological explanation:  115 ff.
     defined:  136
     in history / evolution:  107, 115 ff., 117
inductive inference:  49 ff.
inductive nature of living systems:  27, 49
information:  6, 30 ff., 53 ff., 68 ff., 90, 115, 120
     and biological explanation:  115 ff.
     and communicative interaction:  120
     and language:  31-32, 50, 57, 120
     and realization of autopoietic system:  90
     and (relations of-) specificity:  90
     and reproduction:  102
     created by 'listener':  32
     'house-building' analogy:  53 ff.
     in genetic / nervous systems:  53 ff., 102
innovative (compensatory) changes:  99
input:
     and allopoietic machines:  81
     and allo-referring systems:  51
     and autopoietic machines:  81 ff., 98
     and 'purpose':  86, 87
     ascribed by observer:  38, 66, 81, 86
     ascribed to allopoietic systems:  72, 81
     to nervous system:  38, 50, 128
input surface:  82
instinctive behavior:  24
instruments:  38
interaction:, 21 ff., 116, 120
     chain of interlocked -:  120
     cooperative:  32
     defining entity:  40
     internal / external:  24 ff., 128
     linguistic: see language / linguistic *
     nervous system / relations:  21, 23
     physical:  21, 23, 116
     vs. communication:  28
interdisciplinary studies:  64 ff.
     autopoiesis as:  65
interlocked interactions:  120
internal interactions:  23 ff., 29 ff., 38 ff., 81, 120 ff.
internal changes under perturbation:  81, 92-93, 98 ff., 127
internal states:
     and evolution:  11-12
     and thinking:  29 ff., 39, 120 ff. 
     as representations:  41, 121, 132
     as deformation sources:  98, 120 ff., 128
     interaction with:
        13, 23 ff., 26, 29 ff., 39, 98 ff., 120 ff., 128
     vs. external -: 23, 41, 98, 127-128
irrational(-ity):  52

knowledge: (cf. epistemology)
     and anxiety / uncertainty:  24, 37 ff.
     and time:  24
     as action:  xxii, 119
     as descriptive conduct:  119
     as reflection of ontogeny:  119
     as key to cognition:  5
     categorized:  63
     change during ontogeny:  119
     explanations for -:  55
     no absolute -:  119, 121
     'object of':  52
     'objective' --:  5, 52
     relative to observer's cognitive domain:  119 ff., 121

language (cf. linguistic *):
     and thinking:  30
     as information transfer:  32 ff., 50, 120
     as symbol system:  30
     basis for:  14, 27 ff., 30 ff.
     evolution and -: 30 ff.
     extending domain of interactions:  35
     limitations of:  xiii
learned behavior:  24, 45
learning:  24, 43 ff., 124, 132 ff.
     and representations:  35, 45, 132-133
     and temporality:  124, 133
     defined / described:  35 ff., 45, 132
     observer ascribes -:  24, 35, 45, 133
linguistic behavior:  30 ff., 120
     and historicality:  34, 133 ff.
     as coupling:  120
     as information transfer:  32 ff., 50, 120
     as orientation:  30, 34, 50
     as rational:  57
     importance of:  34
linguistic domain:  28, 32, 41, 120
     and meaning:  46, 120
     and neurophysiology:  41 ff.
     and observer:  121
     and time:  46
     and self-consciousness:  41 ff., 121
     closed (internal):  121
     defined:  120, 136
     distinct from domain of autopoiesis:  120
     explained via coupling:  120
     explained by recursive orientation:  42, 50, 120
     requirements for:  41, 120
linguistic interactions:  42, 50, 120
     internal / recursive (cf. observer):  121
living machines:  78 ff., 82 ff.
living system:  9 ff., 48, 73 ff., 112 ff.
     as machines:  76, 82
     as physical autopoietic machines:
        82, 86, 88 ff., 92 ff., 112 ff.
     as unit of interactions:  9 ff., 87
     circular organization of--: 9 ff., 48, 91 ff.
     defined in physical space:  93-94, 97, 107, 112 ff.
     defined via autopoiesis:  82 ff., 97, 112
     description of:  48-49, 73 ff., 89 ff., 92 ff., 112 ff.
     individuality in-:  87, 115 ff.
     no discrimination made among classes / types:  76
     'purposelessness' of -:  86, 87
logic:
     of description:  39, 52, 121
     - = 'logic' of describer:  52 ff.
     universal:  121
love:  xxvi, xxix

machines: (cf. allopoietic / autopoietic / living  -)
     characterized:  77 ff.
     defined:  136
     living systems as-:  76, 77 ff., 82
maintenance of organization:  78-81, 87, 89, 92-93
mapping (and 'copy'-ing):  100
materialism:  66
meaning:  42, 43, 46
     and behavior:  46
     and representations:  43
     as observer's description:  43, 46
     effective in linguistic domain:  46, 120
mechanical phenomenology:  112 ff., 116, 136
mechanicism:  74-76, 113, 137
mechanism:  63, 113, 116
medium:  xx ff.
memory:  36, 45, 124, 132-133
metadomain:
     of consensual distinctions:  121
     of descriptions:  xxii
     and knowledge:  xxii
molecular embodiment (of autopoietic system):  90 ff.
molecular properties (and rel's. of constitution / specification / 
order):  93 ff.
morality:  57 ff.
'motor car analogy' [Beer]:  66 ff.
multicellular organisms:  12, 97, 110
mutual orientation:  14, 27 ff., 32, 120

natural selection (cf. evolution; selection):  117
nerve cells:  (see also neurons)
     structure of:  15 ff., 125
     not directly associable with specific behavior(s):  21
nervous system:
     and 'information':  32, 53, 127
     and interactions:  18, 20 ff.
     and learning:  36 ff., 124 ff., 132-133
     and linguistic domains:  41
     and ontogeny:  126 ff., 129, 130 ff.
     and 'representations':  18, 41, 132, 134
     and self-consciousness:  41
     and vision:  xiv ff.
     architecture of:  15 ff., 19 ff., 125 ff., 129 ff.
     boundary for:  22
     closure of:  xv, 15 ff., 25, 55, 127 ff., 129
     connectivity in -:  127, 129
     coupling to organism:  124-125, 128, 130 ff.
     determining conduct:  20, 124 ff.
     deterministic nature:  46, 125-127
     diversity among species:  129
     expanding domain of interactions:  13
     explanation for:  47, 124 ff.
     function of:  15 ff., 18, 20 ff., 125 ff.
     functional unit of:  19, 125
     input(s) to:  38, 50, 127, 128
     localization in -:  22, 129
     irreducibility to 'functional parts':  46
     optimization of function: 44
     'pilot analogy':  51
     referential states (subdomains) in-:  130
     structural units of function not yet defined:  47
     subservient to organization:  13, 18
     uniformity in:  22
     unity in:  46
     variability in:  19, 44, 129 ff.
neurons: (see also nerve cells):  15 ff., 19 ff., 47
     as allopoietic units:  125
     structural / state-determinism in:  125-126
niche:  9, 27
     actualization of:  27
     defined by interactions:  10, 11, 27
non-autopoietic dynamic systems:  (e.g., a car):  79
novelty (of relations):  51

observation and explanation:  47, 121
     of autopoietic systems:  89 ff.
     of behavior:  52, 119, 124
observer:
     and ambience:  99, 127
     and artificial systems:  47, 83
     and autopoietic systems:  109, 113 ff.
     and communicative interactions:  120
     and composite unity:  108 ff., 110
     and determinism / predictability:  53, 124
     and development:  87 ff
     and environment:  119, 127, 128
     and evolution:  104
     and grammar:  34
     and history:  102 ff., 104, 124, 133 ff.
     and 'information':  54, 90, 120
     and knowledge:  xxii ff., 39, 45, 119 ff., 121
     and language:  14, 24, 27 ff., 30 ff., 32, 34, 120 ff.
     and learning:  37, 45, 124, 132-133
     and 'meaning':  43, 120
     and memory:  37, 45, 124, 133
     and reproduction:  101, 104
     and self-consciousness:  121 ff.
     and social systems:  xxviii, xxix, 47
     and systems:  xviii, 48, 82 ff., 104, 113 ff.
     and system explanation:
        50, 66 ff., 75, 89 ff., 102 ff., 109 ff., 113 ff., 119
     and teleology (-nomy):  85 ff.
     and time:  18, 102 ff., 124
     as defining context:  10, 32, 48 ff., 51-52, 99, 109 ff., 120
     as defining frame of reference for behavior:
        52, 99, 113 ff., 119, 124
     as defining relations:  55, 109
     as defining systems:  66 ff., 82 ff., 108 ff.
     as living system:  9, 39, 120 ff.
     as nexus among domains:  55, 75, 99, 119
     as ultimate reference for any description:  8, 10, 39, 119
     ascribing goals / purpose: 66, 86 ff.
     ascribing in-/external causal agents:  128
     ascribing (ir-)rationality:  52
     ascribing representations:  132, 134
     ascribing operant environment:  99, 119, 128
     ascribing unity to entities:  48-49, 66, 87, 89 ff., 108 ff.
     cognition of:  49, 119, 121
     constrained by organization:  39 ff., 109
     defined:  8 ff., 14, 28 ff., 48, 121, 137
     emergence of:  48, 120-122
     interpreting behavior:  52, 99, 119, 120, 124
     limited to descriptive / cognitive domain:  121
     projecting theory onto system:  47
observer-independent properties (and epistemology):  52
ontogenic transformations:  97
ontogeny:  85, 87, 97 ff., 103
     and identity:  104
     and nervous system:  126 ff., 130 ff.
     change in cognitive domain during -:  119
     conservative -:  99
     classes of -:  98
     defined:  98, 103, 104, 137
     determining 'ambience':  99, 130
     in physical space:  98, 104
     knowledge as reflection of -:  119
     vs. evolution:  104
ontology (cf. reality; existence):
     existence of unities:  96 ff., 122
     of space:  122
     reality explained:  52 ff., 121
     substratum for discourse / explanation:  39
operational closure:
     of nervous system:  23, 25
optimization:  44
organicism:  5 ff., 115
organization:
     and information / coding:  90
     and reproduction:  101
     and simple unities:  xx
     and topological unity:  89, 91-93, 109
     as focus for this theory:  76, 115 ff.
     as variable homeostatically maintained:
        78-79, 81, 87, 88 ff., 92-93
     autopoietic -:  79-80, 88 ff., 91 ff.
     constraining descriptions:  39
     defined:  77, 137
     defining class identity:  xx, 91
     defining class of interactions:  39
     defining relations, not properties:  77, 113
     explanation for:  47, 90
     maintenance of-:  78-81, 87, 89, 91-93
     of composite unity:  xix, 77, 108 ff.
     ways of maintaining:  81
orient / orientation (cf. mutual-):  14, 27 ff., 30 ff., 33
     and descriptions:  33
     and evolution:  31
     and syntax / semantics:  33
     context-dependency:  33
     defining linguistic domains:  42, 120
     in animals:  31
origin (of autopoietic systems):  93 ff., 105
     evolutionary:  105
     spontaneous -:  94-95
output(s):  51, 66
     and nervous system:  128
     and 'purpose':  86, 87
     ascribed to allopoietic systems:  72, 81
     ascribed to autopoietic * when treated as allopoietic *:  82
     not applicable to autopoietic machines:  81, 98
output surface:  82

parapsychology:  68
participation: 
     of components in composite unity:  xx, 94, 108
     of humans in social system(s):  xxviii, 118
path of autopoiesis:  108
path of structural changes:  xxi
perception  xiv ff.
perceptive domain:  109
perspective:  21
perturbation (cf. disturbance; deformation):  xxi, 51, 79, 81, 87
     and coupling:  108, 120
     and nervous system:  127 ff., 130
     and reproduction:  101
     compensation for:  79, 81, 108, 120
     internal vs. external source:  98 ff., 120 ff., 127-128
     recurrent:  130
     reciprocal -:  108, 110, 120
phenomenal domain  xviii, xix, 55
     defined:  xxi
     simple vs. composite unity:  xxi, 108
phenomenological domain:  55, 97, 116, 121
     and logic:  121
     defined:  137
     defined by unity:  116
     intersection among *s:  116
     irreducibility (to another):  55, 116 ff.
phenomenology:
     and deformation / perturbation:  98 ff., 112, 118 ff., 127 ff.
     and reproduction:  101
     biological:  xviii, 73 ff., 88 ff., 97, 112 ff., 114
     domain-specificity of-:  55, 96 ff., 110
     explained via autopoiesis:  88 ff., 97, 109 ff., 112 ff.
     mechanical:  112 ff., 116
     statical:  112 ff.
phylogeny:  85
physical autopoietic machines:  81 ff., 88 ff., 113
     as living systems:  82 ff., 88 ff., 112
     phenomenology and -:  113 ff.
physical interactions:  21, 23
     and nervous activity:  23 ff.
     and phenomenology:  97, 112 ff., 114, 118 ff.
physical space:  xviii, 81, 112 ff.
     assumption of (for theory):  122
     autopoiesis in -:  81, 84, 88, 93-94, 97, 109, 112 ff., 122
     and mechanicism:  75, 113
     defined:  137
     living systems defined in-:
        81, 88 ff., 93 ff., 97, 107, 109, 112 ff., 122
     ontogeny in -:  98, 107, 112 ff.
     phenomenology in-:  97 ff., 112 ff., 114
physical laws:  81, 89, 112-113
physical neighborhood (-relations) (cf. relations of constitution):  
91-92, 93
'pilot analogy' for living system behavior:  51
plasticity:  99
'point of view':  21
predictability:
     and description / describer isomorphism:  53
     of 'machine':  82-83, 86
     of 'living system':  82-83
prediction:  86, 122
     in descriptive domain:  122
Principles of Biological Autonomy (Varela, 1979):  ix
processes:
     definitive of autopoietic machines:  79, 108 ff., 113
     definitive of biological phenomena:  113, 122
production of components:
     definitive of autopoiesis:  79, 91 ff., 108 ff.
projection of theory onto system:  47
properties:
     definitive of physical / statical phenomena:  113
     of components in machines:  77 ff., 81, 92 ff., 112 ff.
psychology:  65
purpose (see also:  goals; teleology / -nomy):  66, 86 ff.
     and machines:  77 ff., 136
     as simplifying explanations:  78
     ascribed by observer:  85 ff., 87
     defined:  136 / 137
     defined via input / output / context: 86, 87
     dispensability of -:  85 ff.
     explanatory value of-:  86

rational (-ity):  52
     in linguistic behavior;  57
rationalism (-ist):  63, 66
reactive perspective (cf. emotional tone):  46
reality: (cf. ontology; epistemology)
     and Description:  40
     and descriptions:  52 ff., 121
     capacity of observer to describe:  119, 121
recall:  see memory
receptor surfaces:  20 ff., 24 ff.
recurrent perturbations:  130
reciprocity: 108 ff.
     in coupling:  107 ff., 120
     - of deformations:  108, 120
     - of disturbances:  108
     - of perturbations:  110
recursion:
     in behavior:  23 ff.
     in description:  28 ff., 35, 121
     in interactions:  121
     in orientation:  42
reductionism:  xxi, 63
     impossibility of:  xxi, 40
     of autopoietic machines to allopoietic parts:  82
reference:
     and distinction:  xxii
     frame of- (and behavior):  52
referential dimension:  133
referential states:  130
reflex:
     characterized:  29
     vs. 'thinking':  29 ff.
regulation:  68 ff., 90 (see also control)
     and relations of order:  90, 91 ff.
     defined:  137
relations:
     and interactions:  38-39
     and 'universal logic':  121
     and nervous system function:  21, 23, 38, 128 ff.
     as focus for theory:  76
     as the key 'properties' of system components:  77
     as 'the stuff of systems':  63
     ascribed by observer:  38, 51, 55, 109
     change in (for compensation):  99
     defining machines:  77, 113
     discrimination of:  38, 51, 55
     in theory (cf. artificial systems):  47, 51 63
     physical vs. processual:  113
     'pure':  13
     spatial - & autopoiesis:  80, 109
     topological:  109
relations of constitution: (also 'constitutive relations')
     and composite unities:  110
     and geometric / energetic properties:  93
     defined:  88, 90-91, 137
     not exclusive to autopoietic systems:  93
relations of contiguity:
     defined:  xxi
     and "control":  xxii
relations of order:
     and composite unities:  110
     and molecular properties:  93 ff.
     and 'regulation':  90
     as descriptive notion:  89
     defined:  88, 91 ff., 137
     not exclusive to autopoietic systems:  93
relations of specification / specificity:
     and chemical properties:  93
     and composite unities:  110
     and identity:  91, 110
     and 'information' / 'code':  90
     as descriptive notion:  89
     defined:  88, 137
     not exclusive to autopoietic systems:  93
relativity
     of truth & values:  57 ff.
     of knowledge:  119, 121
replication:  100 ff.
     and evolution:  103 ff.
     external to autopoiesis:  101
representations:  14, 22 ff., 28, 41, 99, 121, 132, 134
     and communication:  28, 53 ff.
     and 'meaning':  43
     and memory:  36, 45, 124, 132-133
     and nervous system:  22 ff., 25, 41, 132, 134
     apparent (cf. emergence of observer):  121
     as explanations:  39, 121
     as internal states:  41, 121, 132
     ascribed by observer:  132, 134
     of environment / ambience:  99, 127, 132, 134
     'house-building' analogy:  53 ff.
reproduction: 100 ff.
     and evolution:  12, 96, 100 ff., 103, 111
     and 'information':  102
     and phenomenology:  101
     as 'copy':  100-101, 103 ff., 106
     as determinant of 'life':  83, 96 ff.
     as 'replication':  100, 103 ff.
     as 'self-reproduction':  101
     defined:  137
     dependent on autopoiesis:  97, 100
     dependent on nature of unity:  102
     inessential for living organization:  11, 83, 96
     secondary nature of-:  96, 100, 112
     sequential -:  103 ff.

scholasticism:  63, 66
second-order autopoietic systems:  107 ff., 110
selection:  104 ff., 111, 117
     defined:  137
     social ascription of -:  117 ff.
self-consciousness:  14, 29, 35, 41, 55, 121
     defined:  121, 137
     equated with self-observation:  121
self-observation:  14, 41, 121
equated with self-consciousness:  121
self-reference  xiii, 10
self-referr-ed/-ing system  xiii, 10, 12, 50
     definitive of own boundary:  20
     'pilot analogy':  51
self-reproduction:  101 ff., 104
     and evolution:  104 ff., 111
     and 'information':  102
     defined:  137 ff.
     limited to autopoietic systems:  101
semantics:  33
     inseparability from syntax:  33
     'meaning':  43
sensory surfaces:  20
sequential reproduction:  103 ff., 106
simple unity:  see 'unity'
social abuse:  xxix, 117
social phenomena:  xxv, 117
social system:  xxiv ff., 117 ff.
     and autopoiesis of constituents:  xxiv, xxv, 117-118
     and language:  xxiv, xxvi
     as biological / autopoietic systems:  70 ff., 118
     as homeostatic system:  xxvii, 71
     as medium for constituents' ontogeny:  xxv, 106
     change in --:  xxvii ff., 70 ff., 106
     conservatism of:  xxvi ff.
     definitive of its domain:  xxv
     evolution / biology as justification for:  117 ff.
     hypocrisy in --:  xxvii
     Maturana / Varela disagreement over -:  70, 118
     natural --:  xxiv
     non-hierarchical:  xxix
     not justified by biological explanation:  117-118
     stabilization in --:  xxviii ff.
     totalitarian:  xxviii
solipsism:  53
space:
     assumed for theory:  122
     autopoiesis not defined by spatial relations:  80
     autopoietic:  91-93, 97
     autopoietic - vs. descriptive -:  89 ff., 92, 109
     Cartesian:  92
     defined by coupling in composite unity:  108
     defined by relations of production (in autopoiesis):
        88 ff., 91-92, 108 ff.
     defined by unity:  xix, 88, 89, 83 ff., 93-94, 108 ff.
     dimensions of:  89-90, 92-93
     entity's constitution & definition of its components in-:
       77 ff., 79, 80, 88 ff., 93 ff., 108 ff.
     ontology of -:  122
     physical:  (see physical space)
     setting for distinction:  xix, 73, 94, 96 ff., 109
species:
     and evolution:  106 ff., 115 ff., 117
     and history:  106 ff., 117
     and nervous system diversity:  129
     and niche:  21
     as unit of biology:  74, 106, 115 ff.
     defined:  106, 138
spontaneous origin (of autopoietic systems):  94-95
stability (2nd-order system):  111
state-determinism (cf. structural determinism): 
     in behavior:  52, 124
     in nervous system:  25, 52, 124 ff.
statical phenomenology:  112 ff., 117
     defined:  138
subjective idealism:  66
structural coupling (cf. coupling):
     defined:  xx ff.
     in social systems:  xxvi
structural determination (cf. state-determinism):  120, 124 ff.
structural realization:  88
structure:
     defined:  77, 138
     determining domain of interactions:  119, 120
     and ontogeny:  98
     and simple unities:  xx
     dependent on physical laws (for physical components):
       81, 88 ff., 93 ff.
     of composite unity:  xx, 88 ff., 92 ff., 109
     physical:  81, 89 ff., 93 ff.
surface ( receptor / effector):  see effector -- / receptor --)
syntax:  33, 34
     inseparable from semantics:  33
synthesis:  63, 65
system:
     living:  xiii ff.
     open:  xiii
     subjective aspects of:  66 ff.

teleology:  (see also teleonomy)
     dispensability of -:  85 ff.
     explanatory value of-:  86, 87
     in system description:  xiii, xviii ff., 50, 66, 77, 85 ff., 87
     unneeded to explain learning:  44
teleonomy:  (see also teleology)
     defined:  138
     dispensability of -:  85 ff.
     explanatory value of-:  86, 87
     in system description:  75, 77
temporal domain:  38
temporality (cf. time):  124 ff., 131 ff.
theory:
     as integrative relations:  47
     consistency of:  6
     determinant of experimentation:  83
thermodynamics:  89
thinking:  13, 25, 29 ff., 52
     and descriptions:  30
     and language:  30
     and nervous system recursivity:  29
     as mode of behavior:  52
     rational -:  52
     vs. reflex:  29
third-order autopoietic systems:  107 ff., 110
thoughts:  24
time (cf. temporality):  18, 24, 35, 38, 46, 124
     and learning:  35, 38, 124
     as function of observer:  18, 38, 124, 133
     as effect of nervous system:  124 ff., 133
     as feature of domain of descriptions:  188
     effective in linguistic domain:  46
     organism always in present:  24, 35, 46, 124
topological relations:  109
topology (of system):  79, 88 ff., 90-91, 93 ff., 109
     and autocatalytic process:  94
     and relations of constitution:  88, 90-91, 93, 109
     dependent on organization:  89, 109
totalitarianism:  xxviii ff.
trajectory:  97
truth:  57-58

uncertainty: 
     and 'information':  54
     in learning (cf. anxiety):  24, 37 ff.
unity (the attribute):
     as sole existence criterion:  96
     definitive of living systems:  75, 93-94
     determinant of reproduction:  102
     specified via distinction:  xix, 48 ff., 73, 94, 96
     topological:  94
unity (a unit entity):
     composite:  xix, 48 ff., 77, 108 ff., 110
     constituted by coupling:  108 ff.
     defined:  138
     defined by autopoiesis:  88 ff., 94, 109, 110
     definitive of living systems:  75, 93-94
     definitive of phenomenological domain:  116
     irreducibility to 'parts':  49
     limit to higher-order -:  111
     machine as composite -:  77 ff.
     simple:  xix
     specified via distinction:  xix, 48 ff., 73, 94, 109
university (Beer's critique of -):  64 ff.
use of machine(s):  see purpose, teleology (-nomy):  77

values:  57-58, 117 ff.
     transcendental * justifying social order:  117 ff.
variation:  101 ff., 105
     fundamental to evolution:  105
vision  xii; xiv ff.
vitalism:  74